Questions 18-19
Dillworth: More and more people are deciding not to have children because of the personal and economic sacrifices children require and because so often children are ungrateful for the considerable sacrifices their parents do make for them: However, such considerations have no bearing on the fact that their children provide the best chance most people have of ensuring that their values live on after them. Therefore, for anyone with deeply held values, foregoing parenthood out of reluctance1 to make sacrifices for which little gratitude2 can be expected would probably be a mistake
Travers: Your reasoning ignores another fact that deserves consideration children s ingratitude3 for parental4 sacrifices usually stems from a wholesale5 rejection6 of parental values.
18. Dillworth employs which one of the following argumentative strategies?
showing that considerations cited as drawbacks to given course of action are not really drawbacks at all
exposing as morally suspect the motives7 of people who would make the choice that Dillworth rejects
indirectly8 establishing that a given course of action is obligatory9 by arguing that the alternative course of action is prohibited
distinguishing a category of person for whom the reason presented in favor of a given course of action is more telling than the reasons cited against that course of action
using evidence that a certain course of action would be appropriate under one set of conditions to arrive at a general conclusion about what would be appropriate in all cases.
19. The point of Travers rejoinder to Dillworth s argument is that
Dillowrth s assumption that children acquire values only from their parents is mistaken
it is a mistake to dismiss as irrelevant10 the personal and economic sacrifices people are called on to make for the sake of their children
Dillworth has overlooked the well-known fact that people with deeply held values not infrequently reject opposing values that are deeply held by others.
the desire to perpetuate11 their values should not be a factor in people s decision to have children
the fact than children are often ungrateful for parental sacrifices is not irrelevant to decidmg whether to have children in order to perpetuate one s values
20. Until about 400 million years ago. fishesthe first true swimmerswere iawless Their feeding methods were limited to either sucking in surface plankton12 or sucking in food particles from bottom mud. With the development of biting jaws13. however, the life of fishes changed dramatically, since jaws allowed them actively14 to pursue prey15, to seize it in their jaws, and to manipulate it between their teeth. The jawed16 fishes then developed along two main lines one retained cartilage for its skeletons. for its skeletons, for example, sharks and rays: the other adopted bone as its principal skeletal material. From the latter group evolved the most abundant and perse of all of today s vertebrate groups. the teleosts some 21,000 species, which vary from barracudas to sea horses
If all of the statements in the passage are true which one of the following must also the true?
Fish are the primary prey of all jawed fishes
The jawless17 fishes did not prey upon other fish
Teleosts do not feed upon particles found in bottom mud
Jawless fishes did not have cartilage as their skeletal material
Jawless fishes became extinct approximately 400 million years ago
21. Nuclear reactors19 are sometimes built in geologically quiet regions, so called by geologists20 because such regions are distant from plate boundaries and contain only minor21 faults. Since no minor fault in a geologically quiet region produces an earthquake more often than once in any given 100,000-year period, it follows that of all potential nuclear reactor18 sites in such a region those that are least likely to be struck by an earthquake are ones located near a fault that has produced an earthquake within living memory
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
Geologically quiet regions are the least dangerous regions in which to build nuclear reactors.
For any potential nuclear reactor site the likelihood of being struck by an earthquake is the primary determinant of site safety
In a geologically quiet region every potential nuclear reactor site is near at least one minor fault
Nuclear reactors that are located in geologically quiet regions are built to withstand at least one but not necessarily more than one earthquake of minor to moderate force
Earthquake faults in geologically quiet regrons produce earthquakes at least once in 100,000 years.
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